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English Grammar for Beginners:
• Contents
Intermediate English Grammar:
• Contents
English Grammar Step by Step:
• Contents
• Unit 6: Be, used to, would, be/get/become used to, dare, have, get, become, grow, go, turn, fall and feel• Unit 14: A, an, some, any, no, not, none, each, every and the; compounds of some, any, no and every
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Polseguera
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Vocabulary for Beginners - Basic Vocabulary
Country
Catalan
Castilian
Adjective
Noun
Singular
Plural
Its citizens
Afghanistan
Afganistan
Afganistán
Afghan
An Afghan,
two Afghans
The Afghans
Angola
Angola
Angola
Angolan
An Angolan,
two Angolans
The Angolans
Argentina / The Argentine
(L')Argentina
(La) Argentina
Argentinian, Argentine
An Argentinian,
An Argentine,
two Argentinians
two Argentines
The Argentinians / The Argentines
Armenia
Armènia
Armenia
Armenian
An Armenian,
two Armenians
The Armenians
Australia
Austràlia
Australia
Australian
An Australian,
two Australians
The Australians
Austria
Àustria
Austria
Austrian
An Austrian,
two Austrians
The Austrians
The Basque Country
El País Basc / Euskadi
El País Vasco / Euskadi
Basque
A Basque,
two Basques
The Basques
Belgium
Bèlgica
Bélgica
Belgian
A Belgian,
two Belgians
The Belgians
Bolivia
Bolívia
Bolivia
Bolivian
A Bolivian,
two Bolivians
The Bolivians
Brazil
(El) Brasil
(El) Brasil
Brazilian
A Brazilian,
two Brazilians
The Brazilians
Canada
(El) Canadà
(El) Canadá
Canadian
A Canadian,
two Canadians
The Canadians
Catalonia
Catalunya
Cataluña
Catalan
A Catalan,
two Catalans
The Catalans
Chile
Xile
Chile
Chilean
A Chilean,
two Chileans
The Chileans
China
(La) Xina
(La) China
Chinese
A Chinese,
two Chinese
The Chinese
Colombia
Colòmbia
Colombia
Colombian
A Colombian,
two Colombians
The Colombians
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Costa Rican
A Costa Rican,
two Costa Ricans
The Costa Ricans
Croatia
Croàcia
Croacia
Croatian
A Croatian,
two Croatians
The Croatians
Cuba
Cuba
Cuba
Cuban
A Cuban,
two Cubans
The Cubans
Czechoslovakia
Txecoslovàquia
Checoslovaquia
Czech
A Czech,
two Czechs
The Czechs
Denmark
Dinamarca
Dinamarca
Danish
A Dane,
two Danes
The Danes
Ecuador
(L')Ecuador
(El) Ecuador
Ecuadorian
An Ecuadorian,
two Ecuadorians
The Ecuadorians
Egypt
Egipte
Egipto
Egyptian
An Egyptian,
two Egyptians
The Egyptians
England
Anglaterra
Inglaterra
English
An Englishman (male),
An Englishwoman (female),
two Englishmen
two Englishwomen
The English
Estonia
Estònia
Estonia
Estonian
An Estonian,
two Estonians
The Estonians
Findland
Finlàndia
Finlandia
Finnish
A Finn,
two Finns
The Finns
France
França
Francia
French
A Frenchman (male),
A Frenchwoman (female),
two Frenchmen
two Frenchwomen
The French
Germany
Alemanya
Alemania
German
A German,
two Germans
The Germans
Greece
Grècia
Grecia
Greek
A Greek,
two Greeks
The Greeks
Guatemala
Guatemala
Guatemala
Guatemalan
A Guatemalan,
two Guatemalans
The Guatemalans
Holland / The Netherlands
Holanda / Els Països Baixos
Holanda / Los Países Bajos
Dutch
A Dutchman (male),
A Dutchwoman (female),
two Dutchmen
two Dutchwomen
The Dutch
Honduras
Hondures
Honduras
Honduran
A Honduran,
two Hondurans
The Hondurans
Hungary
Hongria
Hungría
Hungarian
A Hungarian,
two Hungarians
The Hungarians
Iceland
Islàndia
Islandia
Icelandic
An Icelander,
two Icelanders
The Icelanders
India
L'Índia
La India
Indian
An Indian,
two Indians
The Indians
Iran
(L')Iran
El Irán
Iranian
An Iranian,
two Iranians
The Iranians
Iraq
(L')Iraq
El Irak / Iraq
Iraqi
An Iraqi,
two Iraqis
The Iraqis
Ireland
Irlanda
Irlanda
Irish
An Irishman (male),
An Irishwoman (female),
two Irishmen
two Irishwomen
The Irish
Israel
Israel
Israel
Israeli
An Israeli,
two Israelis
The Israelis
Italy
Itàlia
Italia
Italian
An Italian,
two Italians
The Italians
Japan
El Japó
(El) Japón
Japanese
A Japanese,
two Japanese
The Japanese
Laos
Laos
Laos
Loatian
A Loatian,
two Loatians
The Loatians
Lithuania
Lituània
Lituania
Lithuanian
A Lithuanian,
two Lithuanians
The Lithuanians
Mexico
Mèxic
México / Méjico
Mexican
A Mexican,
two Mexicans
The Mexicans
Mongolia
Mongòlia
Mongolia
Mongolian
A Mongolian,
A Mongol,
two Mongolians
two Mongols
The Mongolians / The Mongols
Morocco
El Marroc
Marruecos
Moroccan
A Moroccan,
two Moroccans
The Moroccans
Nepal
El Nepal
Nepal
Nepalese / Nepali
A Nepalese,
A Nepali,
two Nepalese
two Nepalis
The Nepalese / The Nepalis
New Zealand
Nova Zelanda
Nueva Zelanda
New Zealand
A New Zealander,
two New Zealanders
The New Zealanders
Nicaragua
Nicaragua
Nicaragua
Nicaraguan
A Nicaraguan,
two Nicaraguans
The Nicaraguans
Nigeria
Nigèria
Nigeria
Nigerian
A Nigerian,
two Nigerians
The Nigerians
Norway
Noruega
Noruega
Norwegian
A Norwegian,
two Norwegians
The Norwegians
Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistán / Paquistán
Pakistani
A Pakistani,
two Pakistanis
The Pakistanis
Panama
Panamà
Panamá
Panamanian
A Panamanian,
two Panamanians
The Panamanians
Paraguay
(El) Paraguai
(El) Paraguay
Paraguayan
A Paraguayan,
two Paraguayans
The Paraguayans
Peru
(El) Perú
(El) Perú
Peruvian
A Peruvian,
two Peruvians
The Peruvians
The Philippines
Les Filipines
(Las) Filipinas
Filipino
A Filipino,
two Filipinos
The Filipinos
Poland
Polònia
Polonia
Polish
A Pole,
two Poles
The Poles
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican
A Puerto Rican,
two Puerto Ricans
The Puerto Ricans
Russia
Rússia
Rusia
Russian
A Russian,
two Russians
The Russians
Portugal
Portugal
Portugal
Portuguese
A Portuguese,
two Portuguese
The Portuguese
Romania / Rumania / Roumania
Romania
Rumanía
Romanian
A Romanian,
two Romanians
The Romanians
Scotland
Escòcia
Escocia
Scottish / Scotch
A Scot(sman) (male),
A Scot(swoman) (female),
two Scots(men)
two Scots(women)
The Scots
Spain / Castile
Espanya / Castella
España / Castilla
Spanish / Castilian*
A Spaniard / A Castilian,
two Spaniards / two Castilians
The Spanish / The Castilians
Sweden
Suècia
Suecia
Swedish
A Swede,
two Swedes
The Swedes
Switzerland
Suïssa
Suiza
Swiss
A Swiss,
two Swiss
The Swiss
Thailand
Tailàndia
Tailandia
Thai
A Thai,
two Thais
The Thais
Turkey
Turquia
Turquía
Turkish
A Turk,
two Turks
The Turks
Uruguay
(L')Uruguay
(El) Uruguay
Uruguayan
A Uruguayan,
two Uruguayans
The Uruguayans
Venezuela
Veneçuela
Venezuela
Venezuelan
A Venezuelan,
two Venezuelans
The Venezuelans
Vietnam
(El) Vietnam
(El) Vietnam
Vietnamese
A Vietnamese,
two Vietnamese
The Vietnamese
Wales
El País de Gal·les
El País de Gales
Welsh
A Welshman (male),
A Welshwoman (female),
two Welshmen
two Welshwomen
The Welsh
Please note that nationality words are spelt with initial capital letters in English, but not in Catalan or Castilian:
(The) Italians eat a lot of pasta.
Els italians mengen molta pasta. (Catalan)
Los italianos comen mucha pasta. (Castilian)
As we have seen in the previous example, the definite article (the) may be omitted with plurals ending in s. Compare the following sentences:
I am going to study Catalan because I like the Catalans.
I am going to study Catalan because I like Catalans.
Tinc pensat estudiar català perquè els catalans em cauen bé. (Catalan)
Voy a estudiar catalán porque los catalanes me caen bien. (Castilian)
The Chinese grow a lot of rice. (The article the cannot be left out.)
Els Chinesos cultiven molt d'arròs. (Catalan)
Los chinos cultivan mucho arroz. (Castilian)
The Swiss make very tasty chocolates. (The article the cannot be removed, as no s has been added to make the plural form.)
Els suïssos fan bombons molt saborosos. (Catalan)
Los suizos hacen bombones muy ricos. (Castilian)
The sentences below mean the same:
(The) Germans are used to the cold. It freezes in Germany in the winter.
German people are used to the cold. It freezes in Germany in the winter.
Els alemanys estan acostumats al fred. Fa molt de fred a Alemanya a l'hivern. (Catalan)
Los alemanes están acostumbrados al frío. Hace mucho frío en Alemania en invierno. (Castilian)
More examples:
Japanese girls are beautiful.
Les noies japoneses són molt boniques. (Catalan)
Las chicas japonesas son preciosas. (Castilian)
(The) Canadians speak English and French.
Els canadencs parlen anglès i francès. (Catalan)
Los canadienses hablan inglés y francés. (Castilian)
We like Chinese food, so we ate at a Chinese restaurant.
Ens agrada el menjar xinès, i per això vam menjar en un restaurant xinès. (Catalan)
Nos gusta la comida china, así que comimos en un restaurante chino. (Castilian)
A person who comes from Poland is Polish / A person who comes from Poland is a Pole.
Una persona que procedeix de Polònia és polonesa. (Catalan)
Una persona que procede de Polonia es polaca. (Castilian)
Two people who come from Poland are Polish / Two people who come from Poland are Poles.
Dues persones de Polònia són poloneses. (Catalan)
Dos personas de Polonia son polacas. (Castilian)
*Please note that the words Spain and Spanish are imperialist or colonialist. Castilian should be used to refer to the language of Castile:
He speaks Castilian.
(Ell) parla castellà. (Catalan)
(Él) habla castellano. (Castilian)
However, if you are taking an examination, your teacher may prefer "Spanish". When in doubt, ask him or her.
You may like to receive a pdf file with the materials listed below to study offline.
1. Answer the following questions (beginners)
2. Make questions for the answers given (beginners)
3. Assorted exercises for beginners
4. Negative and interrogative sentences (intermediate level)
5. Some, any and every; some, any, every + -body / -one, -thing and -where (intermediate level)
6. Nationality Words
7. Useful sentences for restaurants in English and Catalan
8. Useful sentences for restaurants in English and Castilian
The key to the exercises
If so, we can send it to you by email for a contribution of 10 euros.
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